A Students Guide to Traveling Without Spending Money

A Students Guide to Traveling Without Spending Money If you belong to the group of students who want to go abroad, but don’t have enough money to achieve that, there’s an easy solution. Ask to  help with  essay  papers  or more, precisely, my personal statement for a scholarship.  You can enroll into various programs, scholarships, internships, and trainings that allow you to travel without actually spending money. This way,  you get to meet locals, make a significant academic progress, and travel without spending your money. Isn’t that amazing?! It’s needless to mention that participating in various student programs abroad will look amazing on your CV and let’s not forget networking. Just imagine how many connections you can make when doing what you love and traveling at the same time. Book Details File Size:  474 KB Print Length:  31  pages Publication Date:  Pending ISBN:  Pending Language:  English Price: FREE Edition by:  Amra Serdarevic and the   Team Book Contributors Hi, I am Amra.  I do English Language and Literature Lab here at . I host 6 lab session a month, each of them is dedicated to a specific problem student encounter on their courses. I analyze different examples of English Language essays and give best practices on essay writing. Want to send me a pitch or suggest the problem to discuss?  Drop me an email   or follow me at  Medium. Hi, I’m Gemma Cleaver!  Im a travel  blogger at Gemma Jane Adventures. My time traveling has been the most intense  time of my life. I could never have predicted all the adventures I’d have and  the stories I can tell. But one thing’s for sure, whatever happens travel is in my blood, I’ll always find ways to keep exploring! Hey! My name is Shereen Rayle. My goal is to show that you can travel and you can go further and do more, while spending less, than you probably thought possible.There never seem to be enough hours in the day for everything I want to do, but I find that is true no matter what you have going on and where you are. Hi, I’m Amanda Kendle. I’m Not a ballerina but a traveller and a thinker, and I love to write about my travel experiences in a way that is both fun and meaningful. Introduction World’s (Scholarship) Study Programs Description How to Apply? Deadlines + requirements CV Personal statement/motivation letter Resources Internships Description How to apply? Deadlines + requirements CV Personal statement (essay)/Motivation letter Resources Conferences/Trainings Description How to apply Deadlines + requirements CV Personal statement/Motivation letter Resources Volunteering Description How to apply Deadlines + requirements CV Personal statement (essay)/Motivation letter Useful Resources Tips for exploring the world on a low budget Germany (by A.Kendle) New Zeland (by G. Cleaver) USA (by S. Rayle)

Hamlet Mother and Son Relationship

Hamlet Mother and Son Relationship Introduction William Shakespeare, the famous playwright has addressed the issue of relationships in most of his plays especially as pertaining to family ties. He has in most of his books and in particular, The Tragedies exposed the good and the bad side of family ties especially between parents and their kids.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Hamlet: Mother and Son Relationship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Hamlet, the must-read chef-d’oeuvre, Shakespeare brings to light the connections between members of a family namely Hamlet who is a prince, his late father, his mother Gertrude and his stepfather Claudius. This paper seeks to address the mother-son relationship as brought out in the play and in particular by Hamlet and his mother Gertrude. Mother-son relationship In this play, Shakespeare uses a woman called Gertrude who is among the few women featured in the masterwork. Through her relationsh ip with her son Hamlet, Shakespeare paints a picture of betrayal. Gertrude marries the brother of Hamlets father and this to hamlet is a very big act of betrayal. In the whole book, Hamlet dedicates most of his time and energy trying to take revenge of the death of the king, his father whom he believes was cruelly treated by those he cared for. Therefore, he suffered during his whole lifetime. Hamlet feels that Gertrude hurts the king more by not mourning during the king’s burial. She instead delights in her new marriage depicting some kind of freedom from oppression that she went through in her former marriage, as the reader can insinuate. As a result, Hamlet develops great irritation towards her mother, which he manifests through his monologue and dialogue with other people as depicted in the play. Hamlet is made to change his perception of love after his mother marries his late father’s brother, two months after the death of his father (Shakespeare I.ii.138). As a r esult, Hamlet concludes that his father truly loved his mother yet his mother never loved him. He fails to understand how his mother could so much dangle on his father (Shakespeare I. ii. 140, 143) then marry so soon after his father’s death. He therefore resolves that woman’s adoration is so frail and can be changed so easily depending on the situation that the woman finds herself. Faulkner calls women â€Å"frail beings not because of their physical abilities but because of their weak emotions† (146).Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Hamlet, his mother betrayed not only his father but also the love and the marriage they shared. Gertrude’s unrefined actions changes Hamlet’s perception of love towards others. He reaches the level of hating Ophelia, the girl who truly loves him fearing that she might be in possessio n of his mother’s betrayal character. Because of Gertrude’s evil plans of betraying her once beloved husband, Hamlet’s love for Ophelia, the woman who he loved and one who gave back an equal share of the love changes, and is significantly affected. When with her and watching a play, Ophelia comments that the prologue is very brief and Hamlet likens the briefness to a woman’s love (Shakespeare III. ii. 137-138). As time goes by, the gap between Hamlet and Ophelia widens to the level of Hamlet declaring that he does not love Ophelia at all and is not ready to love her anymore (Shakespeare III.i.119-120). However, after Ophelia’s death, the reader realizes that Hamlet was not sincere with his initial words concerning his faded love to Ophelia since he later on confirms to Laertes that he loved her so much and no amount of love could match his love for her (Shakespeare V.i.254-256). The reader realizes the reason behind Hamlet’s words that thoug h he knows very well that Ophelia loves him, he fears that it might take after that between his mother and his late father, which was in no doubt fake. Gertrude’s actions instill a lot of anger to Hamlet who in turn reaches the level of killing any man who seems to take up the position of his late father. Hamlet ends up believing his mother conspired with his uncle into killing his beloved father. He is filled up with so much rage and hatred until he kills Polonius in his mother’s bedroom after seeing him and thinking that he is Claudius. His temper is fueled by the conviction that his mother, by conspiring to kill the king and then marrying the killer, is an offence too great to be forgiven. After mistaking Polonius for Claudius and killing him, his mother calls the action â€Å"a bloody deed to which Hamlet replies that a bloody deed is killing a king and marrying the brother† (Shakespeare III. iv. 26-28).Advertising We will write a custom research pap er sample on Hamlet: Mother and Son Relationship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gertrude is shocked at this accusation and the shock is so much until Hamlet begins to doubt if she really killed his father. From this point, though still convinced that she betrayed his father, he changes and starts warning her of her evil actions instead of accusing her. He comes to the full conclusion that her mother never killed her father. The unacceptable marriage of his mother to his uncle continues to antagonize him. He therefore decides to only â€Å"speak daggers to her but use none†(Caxton 366). With this, he speaks to her harshly addressing her as the queen, wife to the king’s brother. He asks her where her shame is and proceeds to compare his father, who he refers to as a combination and a form indeed and his uncle who he calls a ‘mildewed ear’. Of course, Gertrude becomes defensive, orders him not to speak to him in tha t manner but he continuous, and warns her to repent her actions and prevent that which is to come (Shakespeare III. iv. 141). He even cautions her against going into her uncle’s bed. He tries to make her mother realize she is not doing the right thing and should feel sorry and stop her unrefined actions. The conversation` between Hamlet and his mother brings back Gertrude to her senses where she feels the guilt and shame of her actions (Caxton 80). It is at this point that she realizes that all along, she had been doing what was not right and it was a great act of betrayal to her late husband. She admits that though she had never consciously been aware that Claudius had killed his brother, she had never fully approved of her actions. She admits that when she looked into her soul, she was shocked by what she saw. Meanwhile, Hamlet has been acting very madly, where he discloses to his mother that it is just but a feigned state but he will not reveal it to anyone. From this poin t henceforth, As Horatio points out, their relationship is restored (14). Together now, they begin to seek for the revenge of the king’s death.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hamlet continues with his feigned state of madness while Gertrude continues to make Claudius trust that the condition is real (Shakespeare IV. i. 6-7). Claudius hence comes to believe the prince’s simulated state and he starts fearing what he may do to him. During the fencing match between Hamlet and Laertes, Gertrude shows that her allegiance is with the prince and not with the king for she gives her son her napkin and tells her that she rejoices in his fortunes. She goes on to drink from the poisoned cup that was meant for Hamlet and though her new husband warns and orders her to stop drinking it, she continuous and finishes it. This shows where her full allegiance is and despite there still being intense feelings between them, they find their relationship becoming better before she finally dies. Conclusion It is noted throughout the play that even though Hamlet is hurt by her mother’s act of betrayal of marrying her husband’s brother a short time after her hu sband’s death, he never wishes to hurt her. His main aim all along is to avenge his father’s death. His quest for vengeance does not compromise his love for his mother and all through the play, his love for him is evidently displayed. He tries and succeeds at convincing her to realize that her actions were wrong and together they undertake to avenge the king’s death. So despite the tense relationship between them at the beginning marked with feelings of anger and rage (Friedlander 3), their relationship is restored at the end and Hamlet finally achieves his objective of avenging his father’s death. It is all a message of hope. Caxton, Charles. Commentary on Hamlet. New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc., 2006. Faulkner, William. The Hamlet Commentary. New York: Thumshire publishers, 2008. Friedlander, Gibson. Enjoying Hamlet by William Shakespeare. London: P. Press, 2010. Horatio, Joseph. Enjoying Hamlet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet: The Norton Shakespeare. New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc., 1997.

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Summery - Essay Example This is because crime is not spread evenly across the maps. Therefore, the NIJs have to come up with a formula to map the crimes depending on the concentration of crimes (National Institute of Justice). However, different types of crime hot spots areas require different types of maps because each area has different types of crime. The report further explains the different types of crime theories, as well as, how they can be depicted on the maps. It further gives the techniques and methods used in understanding crime hot spots, as well as, spatial analysis tools that are used for identifying such hot spots. The report concludes by giving an approach to hot spot analysis. The most interesting thing about the report is that it informs the reader on how crime mapping can be used to understand patterns of recidivism and incarceration. This helps target programs and resources in evaluating crime reduction or prevention in reduction programs, as well as, understanding the causes of crime. The approach of crime mapping is important because it ensures that the NIJs understands the issues the crimes that are committed in every community and methods to go about how to resolve and reduce

Securing Data using IPSEC VPN over Satellite Communication Research Proposal

Securing Data using IPSEC VPN over Satellite Communication - Research Proposal Example Special focus will be put on Internet Protocol Security or IPSec protocol suite based VPN technology. A VPN is a kind of relatively secure network communication system. With the help of tunneling techniques (for example, HTTP tunnel), tunneling protocols (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol or L2TP), IPSec technology, etc., a VPN is capable of operating as a secure and cost-effective network even inside the framework of a public network infrastructure (Bentley Walker 2012). Providers are now establishing VPN compatible with satellite communication systems (Siris, Ververidis, and Polyzos 2013). However, according to Fereidooni, Taheri, and Mahramian (2012:228): â€Å"In essence, a VPN provides a secured tunnel between two end points across a public network. The protocols used over the Internet (TCP/IP) are designed for reliable end-to-end data delivery over unreliable and congested networks †¦ However, satellite bears a high latency (delay) medium and TCP response to such latency is not in a determined way.† In general, satellite modems are utilized for operating a VPN over satellite. These modems help to send TCP/IP data in the form of radio frequency or RF. They also help in receiving TCP/IP data from the RF signals. This kind of network communication system is termed as the â€Å"VPN over satellite† (Bentley Walker 2012, paragraph 1; Ground Control 2014) technology, which has become a crucial necessity for remote users. While analyzing the security issues around VPN, Zhu and Ma (2004) stated that public key infrastructure (PKI) can be especially helpful along with dedicated network level key exchange protocols to enhance data protection. Within a few years, Demirel, Alagoz, and Ufuk (2006) stated that flow identification methods too are crucial for IPSec VPN technology operated via satellites. Much later, Fereidooni et al (2009) developed an enhanced

Cebu Pacific Essay Example for Free

Cebu Pacific Essay A. Economic Forces Generating billions in revenues and creating hundreds of thousands of jobs. In recent years, the global aviation industry has been through many ups and downs. From skyrocketing fuel prices to pandemics to recent financial crisis, aviation industry has confronted a very rough weather in last ten years or so. Consolidation in mature markets, higher ticket prices, modernization of airports, policies to reduce emissions and tremendous growth prospects in emerging economies have been some of the trends during the decade. According to recent industry reports, the global aviation industry is on the path of recovery and future looks optimistic and would present ample opportunities for the stakeholders. The airline industry is inextricably tied to the overall economy – even minor recessions result in reduced demand and increased sensitivity to prices for leisure as well as business travellers. Changes in the economy have a big affect on the airline industry. The elasticity of demand, externalities, wage inequality, and monetary, fiscal, and federal policies all have an impact on this industry. The airline industry is constantly changing due to today’s market and today we will be looking at the reasons behind it. By successfully managing opportunity cost, and adapting to an ever changing economic environment, airline industries can have economic success.However, the well-being of the nation’s economy will have a direct impact on the level of success experienced in the airline industry. During economic shortfalls in the nation’s economy, travellers will have fewer resources available to travel for pleasure. Contributing to the negative economic influences in the airline industry, future and existing policies targeting the airline industry will continue to hinder the industry’s ability to recover losses in periods of economic hardships. The launch of low cost airlines in Philippines has provided a boost for the  industry. Airlines that have been part of this trend are Asian Spirit and Southeast Asian Air, offering affordable fares to local and even international destinations. The public seems to have embraced this, as the rate of flying passengers has increased. This increased not only accounts for new fliers but also regular flying passengers who were on a budget and now have a choice to choosing budget over luxury. There are quite a few negative externalities in the airline industry. Another thing that the economy is affecting the airline industry is the competing airlines. The bigger airlines can afford lower fares which make it hard for the smaller airlines to compete. Different airlines have plans to expand but will not be able to until the cost of fuel is under control. For the low fare carriers who allow advanced booking, they will need to work on a plan to avoid bankruptcy. This will make the airline industry continue to boost prices due to the fact that oil prices are expected to continue rising due to the supply. B. Political Forces In 1973, from the Letters of Instruction (151 and 151A) the airline industry in the Philippines was monopolized by Philippine Airlines (PAL). The monopoly lasted for more than twenty years until the Executive Order 19 in 1995 which liberalized the airline industry establishing the domestic and international civil aviation liberalization policy in the country. The E.O 219 stipulates the removal of restrictions on routes and flight frequencies, as well as government control on fares and charges. Following the liberalization, the industry attracted new entrants such as Cebu Pacific, Air Philippines, Grand Air, and Mindanao Express. Unfortunately, Grand Air and Mindanao Express were unsuccessful, and then SEAir and Asian Spirit come to birth. Today, airline industry in the Philippines is under the regulations of Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) under the civil aviation sector. The Civil Aviation sector is composed of the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), Mactan Cebu International Airport  Authority (MCIAA), Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC), Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) (formerly known as ATO). The Department continuously upgrades and improves the international and domestic airport facilities to meet international standards and to provide better service to the commuters. On the other hand, our airline regulatory boards also recognize the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The ICAO has several regulations that the local boards are following. Last March 19, 2009, the ISO 9001:2000 Certificate for NAIA terminal 1 was awarded by Anglo Japanese American (AJA) Registrars, Inc. after passing the Phase 1 Audit of the Passenger Facilitation Processes. On May 21, 2009 MIAA was given the upgraded ISO 1991:2008 Certification making the Authority and the NAIA Terminal 1 one of the very few institutions in the country that have passed this upgraded level of certification. Today, airline industry in the Philippines is facing a big issue in international safety standard. Early this year, the European Union banned airlines from Angola and vowed to block carriers from Sudan and the Philippines from starting flights to the 27-country bloc. The European Transport Commissioner SiimKallas said that they cannot accept airlines fly into EU if they do not fully comply with international safety standards. The Philippine authorities and airlines mad efforts to resolve this issue but still Philippines would be banned from the EU precaution. C. Socio-Cultural Forces Obesity One controversy surrounds the issue of airline companies tightening their seat restrictions for obese passengers. Some companies have gone as far as to charge an overweight individual the cost of two seats because of their size. This has created a stir, as it brings up the question of discrimination. As indelicate as this issue is, airline companies contend that it simply costs more to fly those more portly passengers. According to Newsweek, â€Å"A study concluded that the 10 pounds Americans gained on average during the 1990s required an additional 350 million gallons of fuel a year.†Ã‚  So it would seem that this issue has less to do with discrimination and more to do with simple arithmetic. Security Airline companies have undergone a dramatic shift in the safety precautions they take, upping the ante in security measures due to recent terrorist attacks. And while the increase in security may, on some level, ease the mind of the pilots, passengers and their families, it also increases the anxiety and frustration with the amount of time and effort it takes to get from the airport ticket counter to the terminal gate. Because of the few successful breaches in security that have occurred over the past decade, airlines will never again have the luxury of being so lax in terms of their security. Ethnicity Perception is a major factor in how we view the world. It is also one of the oldest studies in psychology. How we perceive ethnicity, as it relates to air travel, has much to do with September 11, 2001. Since then the eyes of the world have grown increasingly sensitive to the ethnicity of passengers travelling on airplanes. It has created something of a negative perception for particular races and religions. Bloomberg Business week reports, â€Å"Airline experts and executives say it’s important not to exaggerate the effects of terrorism fears.† However, because airline companies have had to exercise increased security measures because of terrorism, and because passengers have grown increasingly aware of possible threats, those perceptions are not easily dismissed. D. Technological Forces Internet as a way to book flights, check in, and check flight status – Before, ticketing offices were often jam-packed by people who wants to book flights, and most of the time, they are becoming irritated of the situation. Now, with the dawn of the Internet and Cebu Pacific Air’s entry to the world wide web, customers can now book flights without going to a ticketing office, pay their billings securely using Credit/Debit card, they can even change their flight details without bothering to go personally to CEB office, and check flight status that will be a much-used during storm  seasons and other obstacles that might hinder the the flight. Always new and improved software for airlines Acquiring and continuously upgrading its software is a very big positive impact for the company. It is a way of telling your customers and prospective customers that your airline will not cause them any hassles and troubles in the near future. Aside from having it as an impression of promising greatness, generally, all will follow to the good lead. New technology for airline employees Airline employees should be introduced with new technologies to avoid having problems in the future. The airline had purchased new equipments, machines to shorten the queue, but if they have no idea of how it operates, you will not obtain your objective. So every employee must be knowledgeable of technologies for we are now in the 21st century. New pilot training courses Finishing a course to become a pilot is not enough. Even if you have become one of the airline’s pilot, you still have to go through series of training courses and seminars to keep on track. Learning does not stop. Therefore as Cebu Pacific Air’s vow to excellence and safety, they are launching several training courses to avoid a doubt, if there is, for a customer to think whether the pilot is competent enough. By this, passengers can seat safe and sound. New security technology Website hacking is like an infectious virus that was troubling many people nowadays. But with the new security technology, customers will not have any bad thinking about paying securely using their Credit/Debit card. Cebu Pacific Air’s paying system was verified by Visa, MasterCard and VeriSign. It is a big sign that the airline has a very strong security technology that no hackers can destroy. E. Environmental Forces Contrails short for â€Å"condensation trails† or vapour trails are artificial clouds that are the visible trails of condensed water vapour made by the  exhaust of aircraft engines. As the hot exhaust gases cool in the surrounding air they may precipitate a cloud of microscopic water droplets. If the air is cold enough, this trail will comprise tiny ice crystals. The wingtip vortices which trail from the wingtips and wing flaps of aircraft are sometimes partly visible due to condensation in the cores of the vortices. Each vortex is a mass of spinning air and the air pressure at the centre of the vortex is very low. These wingtip vortices are not the same as contrails. Depending on atmospheric conditions, contrails may be visible for only a few seconds or minutes, or may persist for many hours which may affect climate. The main by-products of hydrocarbon fuel combustion are carbon dioxide and water vapour. At high altitudes this water vapour emerges into a cold environment, and the local increase in water vapour can push the water content of the air past saturation point. The vapour then condenses into tiny water droplets and/or deposits into ice. These millions of tiny water droplets and/or ice crystals form the vapour trail or contrails. The vapour’s need to condense accounts for the contrail forming some way behind the aircraft’s engines. At high altitudes, super cooled water vapor requires a trigger to encourage deposition or condensation. The exhaust particles in the aircraft’s exhaust act as this trigger, causing the trapped vapour to rapidly turn to ice crystals. Exhaust vapour trails or contrails usually occur above 8000 metres (26,000 feet) and only if the temperature there is below −40  °C (−40  °F). Engine Emissions Over the years, increasing attention has been paid to the sustainable development of the aviation sector. It is now widely recognised that the costs of these externalities must be internalised and paid for by the aviation industry and its users. Of all the externalities generated from commercial flights, aircraft engine emissions have extensive impacts on human health, vegetation, materials, ecosystem and the climate. Currently, only around 10 airports have applied engine emissions surcharges, which are in Switzerland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. However, the impacts of aircraft engine emissions are a world-wide issue and have drawn significant attention in the global community. This research aims to evaluate the impacts of aircraft engine emissions  charges, based on the estimation of social costs, on airlines operating costs. The paper firstly presents the methods of assessing the social costs of aircraft engine emissions. The environmental impacts of aircraft engine emissions include both aircraft landing and take-off and the cruise stage. The social costs of aircraft emissions vary by engine type and aircraft category, depending on the damages caused by different engine pollutants on the human health, vegetation, materials, aquatic ecosystem and climate. Nine Asian airlines, covering both network full service carriers and low cost airlines, are selected for empirical analysis. The implications of aircraft engine emissions charges on the selected airlines and the corresponding effects on operating costs were measured, involving five existing intra-Asian flight routes. It was found that the aircraft engine emission charges would range from 3-12% of the airlines ¡Ã‚ ¦ operating costs, depending on the route distance, aircraft types and the nature of airline operating characteristics. Airport noise Aircraft noise is noise pollution produced by any aircraft or its components, during various phases of a flight: on the ground while parked such as auxiliary power units, while taxiing, on run-up from propeller and jet exhaust, during takeoff, underneath and lateral to departure and arrival paths, over-flying while en route, or during landing.Aerodynamic noise arises from the airflow around the aircraft fuselage and control surfaces. This type of noise increases with aircraft speed and also at low altitudes due to the density of the air. Jet-powered aircraft create intense noise from aerodynamics. Low-flying, high-speed military aircraft produce especially loud aerodynamic noise. The shape of the nose, windshield or canopy of an aircraft affects the sound produced. Much of the noise of a propeller aircraft is of aerodynamic origin due to the flow of air around the blades. The helicopter main and tail rotors also give rise to aerodynamic noise. This type of aerodynamic noise is mostly low frequency determined by the rotor speed. Much of the noise in propeller aircraft comes equally from the propellers and aerodynamics. Helicopter noise is aerodynamically induced noise from the main and tail rotors and mechanically induced noise from the main gearbox and various  transmission chains. The mechanical sources produce narrow band high intensity peaks relating to the rotational speed and movement of the moving parts. In computer modelling terms noise from a moving aircraft can be treated as a line source. Aircraft Gas Turbine engines (Jet Engines) are responsible for much of the aircraft noise during takeoff and climb. However, with advances in noise reduction technologies the airframe is typically noisier during landing. The majority of engine noise is due to Jet Noise although high bypass-ratio turbofans do have considerable Fan Noise. The high velocity jet leaving the back of the engine has inherent shear layer instability (if not thick enough) and rolls up into ring vortices. This of course later breaks down into turbulence. The SPL associated with engine noise is proportional to the jet speed (to a high power) therefore; even modest reductions in exhaust velocity will see a large reduction in Jet Noise.

Jurgen Habermass Concept of Public Sphere :: essays research papers

Jurgen Habermas's concept of Public Sphere Jurgen Habermas developed the concept of Public Sphere, an open network to facilitate exchanges, as a part of a larger project dealing with the paradoxical consequences of rational western capitalism. The project is deeply rooted in Weber's reflections on the role of religion (Calvinism) in the development of capitalism in the North-Atlantic Rim, and the Marxist critique of such reflections as laid out by the members of the Frankfurt School (Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer). Adorno and Horkheimer, however, found themselves at a deadend when they were unable to de-reify their own concept of culture. It is precisely there where Habermas breaks away from the concerns of the Frankfurt School and begins his own reflection that, on the one hand, de-reifies the concept of culture (culture uiltimately is a product of institutions and human interaction and not a variable with life of its own, as Adorno and Horkheimer assumed at some point). Habermas stand on the development of capitalism leads him to recapture an insight from the old Marx: capitalism, with all its contradictions and fallacies, has the seed of its own transformation (destruction for Marx) in the form of the exchanges that it encourages, but mostly because of its very need of rational domination. If rational domination is required (as opposed to traditional or charismatic), then it is necessary to discoursevely build the agreements that the law embodies. If so, then institutions like the Parliament are unavoidable and with it some discussion of public issues and concerns. Habermas finds the origin of such discussions and concerns in the emergence of coffee-houses all over Europe during the Enlightenment era. Of course, participation in such activities was heavily restricted by class and in some cases (the European Jewish populations are a perfect example of it) by race and/or ethnicity. Habermas finds that even if such restrictions exist, the drive of the Enlightenment project will be enough to allow for progressive openings, that over time will prevent against discrimination. Habermas is well aware of the limitations of his model.

Airport Security Essay

The department of homeland security has spent $40 billion rebuilding the aviation security system since September 11, 2001. Since then airport security has changed drastically, changed the whole world’s attitude towards airport security. The terrorist attack also showed the entire world how easily the old system was to manipulate and how much improvement airports need before they can truly be considered secure. The attacks forced the airline industry to renew and strengthen their focus on security. Many airports in the U.S. have introduced ethnic profiling since September 11, 2001 and the evidence shows this method has helped improve airport security. â€Å"The suspects who have since 9/11/01 been picked up are at least mostly Arabs† (Gale â€Å"Airport Security.† Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection). Security checks are not intended to embarrass or harm anybody; they are a necessary precaution to protect all passengers including Muslims. Not only does the TSA keep an eye on airline security around the globe, but also they have many different layers of security in our nation’s airports. The newest and most controversially is the full body scanner. These x-ray machines strip a person down to their birthday suit. Airport screeners are now federal employees. People are now having to wait longer to be able to pass thru security line to check in. many travelers get pulled aside for full body searches. There are 40 active full body scanners at 19 different airports, by the end of the year officials would like 500 in place. Today forty five thousand employees are working as passenger’s screeners in more than four hundred airports around the country. â€Å"Our top priority is the safety of the traveling public, and TSA constantly strives to explore and implement new technologies that enhance security and strengthen privacy protections for the traveling public†. (â€Å"TSA Takes Next Steps to Further Enhance Passenger Privacy.†) Though airport security was enforced, there was another incident. On Christmas December 25,2009, a twenty-three year old Nigerian named Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempted to detonate explosives aboard a Northwest Airlines flight traveling from Amsterdam to Detroit, Michigan. Abdulmutallab had hidden plastic explosives in his underwear, which had gone undetected during the passenger screening process. Abdulmutallab had also been identified as having connection to the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda less than two months before the attempted bombing, and his own father had contacted the American embassy in Nigeria to warn them of his son’s extremist beliefs. The only reason the bombing  Failed was because abdulmutallab did not properly activate the device, and other passengers aboard the plane subdued him. Two weeks after that incident Obama administration mandated extra scrutiny- including full body pat downs- for people flying into the United States from 14 mostly Muslim countries. Under the new rules, all citizens of Afghanistan, Algeria, Lebanon, Libya, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and Yemen must receive a pat down and an extra check of their carry-on bags before boarding a plane bound for the united states, officials said. Citizens of Cuba, Iran, Sudan and Syria- nations considered â€Å"state sponsors of terrorism† (â€Å"Airport Security† January 6,2010). Airlines are still responsible for checking passenger information against government-issued watch lists intended to flag potentially dangerous travelers. Two of the lists are often referred to as the â€Å"No-Fly† (â€Å"Airport Security† January 6,2010) list, are the â€Å"Terrorist Watch List†, (â€Å"Airport Security† January 6,2010) and travelers appearing on these lists are subject to more detailed search or in the case of the â€Å"No Fly† list, are denied the ability to travel. We should appreciate that the airport security is making our trip safe and secure. Any inconvenience people feel is unimportant compared with saving lives by preventing terrorist attacks.